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4c214e1935ea48b575acd43da2f62b2f8fe5887a
RapidPoseTriangulation/rpt/triangulator.cpp
Daniel 4c214e1935 Scale 3d score with 2d scores.
2025-03-20 17:00:35 +01:00

2345 lines
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#include <algorithm>
#include <chrono>
#include <cmath>
#include <iomanip>
#include <map>
#include <numeric>
#include <unordered_map>
#include "camera.hpp"
#include "triangulator.hpp"
// =================================================================================================
// =================================================================================================
[[maybe_unused]] static void print_2d_poses(const std::vector<std::array<float, 3>> &poses)
{
std::cout << "Poses: (" << poses.size() << ", 3)[" << std::endl;
for (const auto &pose : poses)
{
std::cout << " [";
for (size_t i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
{
std::cout << std::fixed << std::setprecision(3) << pose[i];
if (i < 2)
{
std::cout << ", ";
}
}
std::cout << "]" << std::endl;
}
std::cout << "]" << std::endl;
}
// =================================================================================================
[[maybe_unused]] static void print_3d_poses(const std::vector<std::array<float, 4>> &poses)
{
std::cout << "Poses: (" << poses.size() << ", 4)[" << std::endl;
for (const auto &pose : poses)
{
std::cout << " [";
for (size_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
{
std::cout << std::fixed << std::setprecision(3) << pose[i];
if (i < 3)
{
std::cout << ", ";
}
}
std::cout << "]" << std::endl;
}
std::cout << "]" << std::endl;
}
// =================================================================================================
[[maybe_unused]] static void print_allpairs(
const std::vector<std::pair<std::tuple<int, int, int, int>, std::pair<int, int>>> &all_pairs)
{
std::cout << "All pairs: [" << std::endl;
for (const auto &pair : all_pairs)
{
const auto &tuple_part = pair.first;
const auto &pair_part = pair.second;
// Print the tuple part
std::cout << "("
<< std::get<0>(tuple_part) << ", "
<< std::get<1>(tuple_part) << ", "
<< std::get<2>(tuple_part) << ", "
<< std::get<3>(tuple_part) << ")";
// Print the pair part
std::cout << ", ("
<< pair_part.first << ", "
<< pair_part.second << ")"
<< std::endl;
}
std::cout << "]" << std::endl;
}
// =================================================================================================
// =================================================================================================
CameraInternal::CameraInternal(const Camera &cam)
{
this->cam = cam;
this->invR = transpose3x3(cam.R);
// Camera center:
// C = -(Rᵀ * t) = -(Rᵀ * (R * (T * -1))) = -(Rᵀ * (R * -T)) = -(Rᵀ * -R * T) = -(-T) = T
this->center = {cam.T[0][0], cam.T[1][0], cam.T[2][0]};
// Undistort camera matrix
// As with the undistortion, the own implementation avoids some overhead compared to OpenCV
if (cam.type == "fisheye")
{
newK = calc_optimal_camera_matrix_fisheye(1.0, {cam.width, cam.height});
}
else
{
newK = calc_optimal_camera_matrix_pinhole(1.0, {cam.width, cam.height});
}
this->invK = invert3x3(newK);
}
// =================================================================================================
std::array<std::array<float, 3>, 3> CameraInternal::transpose3x3(
const std::array<std::array<float, 3>, 3> &M)
{
return {{{M[0][0], M[1][0], M[2][0]},
{M[0][1], M[1][1], M[2][1]},
{M[0][2], M[1][2], M[2][2]}}};
}
// =================================================================================================
std::array<std::array<float, 3>, 3> CameraInternal::invert3x3(
const std::array<std::array<float, 3>, 3> &M)
{
// Compute the inverse using the adjugate method
// See: https://scicomp.stackexchange.com/a/29206
std::array<std::array<float, 3>, 3> adj = {
{{
M[1][1] * M[2][2] - M[1][2] * M[2][1],
M[0][2] * M[2][1] - M[0][1] * M[2][2],
M[0][1] * M[1][2] - M[0][2] * M[1][1],
},
{
M[1][2] * M[2][0] - M[1][0] * M[2][2],
M[0][0] * M[2][2] - M[0][2] * M[2][0],
M[0][2] * M[1][0] - M[0][0] * M[1][2],
},
{
M[1][0] * M[2][1] - M[1][1] * M[2][0],
M[0][1] * M[2][0] - M[0][0] * M[2][1],
M[0][0] * M[1][1] - M[0][1] * M[1][0],
}}};
float det = M[0][0] * adj[0][0] + M[0][1] * adj[1][0] + M[0][2] * adj[2][0];
if (std::fabs(det) < 1e-6f)
{
return {{{0.0, 0.0, 0.0}, {0.0, 0.0, 0.0}, {0.0, 0.0, 0.0}}};
}
float idet = 1.0f / det;
std::array<std::array<float, 3>, 3> inv = {
{{
adj[0][0] * idet,
adj[0][1] * idet,
adj[0][2] * idet,
},
{
adj[1][0] * idet,
adj[1][1] * idet,
adj[1][2] * idet,
},
{
adj[2][0] * idet,
adj[2][1] * idet,
adj[2][2] * idet,
}}};
return inv;
}
// =================================================================================================
void CameraInternal::undistort_point_pinhole(std::array<float, 3> &p, const std::vector<float> &k)
{
// Following: cv::cvUndistortPointsInternal
// Uses only the distortion coefficients: [k1, k2, p1, p2, k3]
// https://github.com/opencv/opencv/blob/4.x/modules/calib3d/src/undistort.dispatch.cpp#L432
float x0 = p[0];
float y0 = p[1];
float x = x0;
float y = y0;
// Iteratively refine the estimate for the undistorted point.
int max_iterations = 5;
for (int iter = 0; iter < max_iterations; ++iter)
{
float r2 = x * x + y * y;
double icdist = 1.0 / (1 + ((k[4] * r2 + k[1]) * r2 + k[0]) * r2);
if (icdist < 0)
{
x = x0;
y = y0;
break;
}
float deltaX = 2 * k[2] * x * y + k[3] * (r2 + 2 * x * x);
float deltaY = k[2] * (r2 + 2 * y * y) + 2 * k[3] * x * y;
x = (x0 - deltaX) * icdist;
y = (y0 - deltaY) * icdist;
}
p[0] = x;
p[1] = y;
}
// =================================================================================================
void CameraInternal::undistort_point_fisheye(std::array<float, 3> &p, const std::vector<float> &k)
{
// Following: cv::fisheye::undistortPoints
// Uses only the distortion coefficients: [k1, k2, k3, k4]
// https://github.com/opencv/opencv/blob/4.x/modules/calib3d/src/fisheye.cpp#L429
float theta_d = std::sqrt(p[0] * p[0] + p[1] * p[1]);
float pi_half = std::numbers::pi * 0.5;
theta_d = std::min(std::max(-pi_half, theta_d), pi_half);
if (theta_d < 1e-6)
{
return;
}
float scale = 0.0;
float theta = theta_d;
int max_iterations = 5;
for (int iter = 0; iter < max_iterations; ++iter)
{
float theta2 = theta * theta;
float theta4 = theta2 * theta2;
float theta6 = theta4 * theta2;
float theta8 = theta4 * theta4;
float k0_theta2 = k[0] * theta2;
float k1_theta4 = k[1] * theta4;
float k2_theta6 = k[2] * theta6;
float k3_theta8 = k[3] * theta8;
float theta_fix = (theta * (1 + k0_theta2 + k1_theta4 + k2_theta6 + k3_theta8) - theta_d) /
(1 + 3 * k0_theta2 + 5 * k1_theta4 + 7 * k2_theta6 + 9 * k3_theta8);
theta = theta - theta_fix;
if (std::fabs(theta_fix) < 1e-6)
{
break;
}
}
scale = std::tan(theta) / theta_d;
p[0] *= scale;
p[1] *= scale;
}
// =================================================================================================
std::array<std::array<float, 3>, 3> CameraInternal::calc_optimal_camera_matrix_fisheye(
float balance, std::pair<int, int> new_size)
{
// Following: cv::fisheye::estimateNewCameraMatrixForUndistortRectify
// https://github.com/opencv/opencv/blob/4.x/modules/calib3d/src/fisheye.cpp#L630
float fov_scale = 1.0;
float w = static_cast<float>(cam.width);
float h = static_cast<float>(cam.height);
balance = std::min(std::max(balance, 0.0f), 1.0f);
// Define four key points at the middle of each edge
std::vector<std ::array<float, 2>> pts = {
{w * 0.5f, 0.0},
{w, h * 0.5f},
{w * 0.5f, h},
{0.0, h * 0.5f}};
// Extract intrinsic parameters
float fx = cam.K[0][0];
float fy = cam.K[1][1];
float cx = cam.K[0][2];
float cy = cam.K[1][2];
// Undistort the edge points
for (auto &pt : pts)
{
std::array<float, 3> p_normed = {(pt[0] - cx) / fx, (pt[1] - cy) / fy, 1.0};
undistort_point_fisheye(p_normed, cam.DC);
pt[0] = p_normed[0];
pt[1] = p_normed[1];
}
// Compute center mass of the undistorted edge points
float sum_x = 0.0, sum_y = 0.0;
for (const auto &pt : pts)
{
sum_x += pt[0];
sum_y += pt[1];
}
float cn_x = sum_x / pts.size();
float cn_y = sum_y / pts.size();
// Convert to identity ratio
float aspect_ratio = fx / fy;
cn_y *= aspect_ratio;
for (auto &pt : pts)
pt[1] *= aspect_ratio;
// Find the bounding box of the undistorted points
float minx = std::numeric_limits<float>::max();
float miny = std::numeric_limits<float>::max();
float maxx = -std::numeric_limits<float>::max();
float maxy = -std::numeric_limits<float>::max();
for (const auto &pt : pts)
{
minx = std::min(minx, pt[0]);
maxx = std::max(maxx, pt[0]);
miny = std::min(miny, pt[1]);
maxy = std::max(maxy, pt[1]);
}
// Calculate candidate focal lengths
float f1 = (w * 0.5) / (cn_x - minx);
float f2 = (w * 0.5) / (maxx - cn_x);
float f3 = (h * 0.5 * aspect_ratio) / (cn_y - miny);
float f4 = (h * 0.5 * aspect_ratio) / (maxy - cn_y);
float fmin = std::min({f1, f2, f3, f4});
float fmax = std::max({f1, f2, f3, f4});
// Blend the candidate focal lengths
float f_val = balance * fmin + (1.0f - balance) * fmax;
if (fov_scale > 0.0f)
f_val /= fov_scale;
// Compute new intrinsic parameters
float new_fx = f_val;
float new_fy = f_val;
float new_cx = -cn_x * f_val + (w * 0.5);
float new_cy = -cn_y * f_val + (h * aspect_ratio * 0.5);
// Restore aspect ratio
new_fy /= aspect_ratio;
new_cy /= aspect_ratio;
// Optionally scale parameters to new new image size
if (new_size.first > 0 && new_size.second > 0)
{
float rx = static_cast<float>(new_size.first) / w;
float ry = static_cast<float>(new_size.second) / h;
new_fx *= rx;
new_fy *= ry;
new_cx *= rx;
new_cy *= ry;
}
std::array<std::array<float, 3>, 3> newK = {
{{new_fx, 0.0, new_cx},
{0.0, new_fy, new_cy},
{0.0, 0.0, 1.0}}};
return newK;
}
// =================================================================================================
std::array<std::array<float, 3>, 3> CameraInternal::calc_optimal_camera_matrix_pinhole(
float alpha, std::pair<int, int> new_size)
{
// Following: cv::getOptimalNewCameraMatrix
// https://github.com/opencv/opencv/blob/4.x/modules/calib3d/src/calibration_base.cpp#L1565
bool center_principal_point = false;
bool use_pix_roi = false;
float w = static_cast<float>(cam.width);
float h = static_cast<float>(cam.height);
alpha = std::min(std::max(alpha, 0.0f), 1.0f);
if (center_principal_point || use_pix_roi)
{
// Not implemented
exit(1);
}
// Define key points
// Calculate only the contour points of the image, and use less points,
// the edges and centers should be enough if the camera has no strange distortions
const size_t N = 3;
std::vector<std ::array<float, 2>> pts;
pts.reserve(4 * (N - 1));
for (size_t y = 0; y < N; ++y)
{
for (size_t x = 0; x < N; ++x)
{
if (x != 0 && x != N - 1 && y != 0 && y != N - 1)
{
continue;
}
pts.push_back({x * (w - 1) / (N - 1), y * (h - 1) / (N - 1)});
}
}
// Extract intrinsic parameters
float fx = cam.K[0][0];
float fy = cam.K[1][1];
float cx = cam.K[0][2];
float cy = cam.K[1][2];
// Undistort the key points
for (auto &pt : pts)
{
std::array<float, 3> p_normed = {(pt[0] - cx) / fx, (pt[1] - cy) / fy, 1.0};
undistort_point_pinhole(p_normed, cam.DC);
pt[0] = p_normed[0];
pt[1] = p_normed[1];
}
// Get inscribed and circumscribed rectangles in normalized coordinates
float iX0 = -std::numeric_limits<float>::max();
float iX1 = std::numeric_limits<float>::max();
float iY0 = -std::numeric_limits<float>::max();
float iY1 = std::numeric_limits<float>::max();
float oX0 = std::numeric_limits<float>::max();
float oX1 = -std::numeric_limits<float>::max();
float oY0 = std::numeric_limits<float>::max();
float oY1 = -std::numeric_limits<float>::max();
size_t k = 0;
for (size_t y = 0; y < N; ++y)
{
for (size_t x = 0; x < N; ++x)
{
if (x != 0 && x != N - 1 && y != 0 && y != N - 1)
{
continue;
}
auto &pt = pts[k];
k += 1;
if (x == 0)
{
oX0 = std::min(oX0, pt[0]);
iX0 = std::max(iX0, pt[0]);
}
if (x == N - 1)
{
oX1 = std::max(oX1, pt[0]);
iX1 = std::min(iX1, pt[0]);
}
if (y == 0)
{
oY0 = std::min(oY0, pt[1]);
iY0 = std::max(iY0, pt[1]);
}
if (y == N - 1)
{
oY1 = std::max(oY1, pt[1]);
iY1 = std::min(iY1, pt[1]);
}
}
}
float inner_width = iX1 - iX0;
float inner_height = iY1 - iY0;
float outer_width = oX1 - oX0;
float outer_height = oY1 - oY0;
// Projection mapping inner rectangle to viewport
float fx0 = (new_size.first - 1) / inner_width;
float fy0 = (new_size.second - 1) / inner_height;
float cx0 = -fx0 * iX0;
float cy0 = -fy0 * iY0;
// Projection mapping outer rectangle to viewport
float fx1 = (new_size.first - 1) / outer_width;
float fy1 = (new_size.second - 1) / outer_height;
float cx1 = -fx1 * oX0;
float cy1 = -fy1 * oY0;
// Interpolate between the two optimal projections
float new_fx = fx0 * (1 - alpha) + fx1 * alpha;
float new_fy = fy0 * (1 - alpha) + fy1 * alpha;
float new_cx = cx0 * (1 - alpha) + cx1 * alpha;
float new_cy = cy0 * (1 - alpha) + cy1 * alpha;
std::array<std::array<float, 3>, 3> newK = {
{{new_fx, 0.0, new_cx},
{0.0, new_fy, new_cy},
{0.0, 0.0, 1.0}}};
return newK;
}
// =================================================================================================
// =================================================================================================
TriangulatorInternal::TriangulatorInternal(float min_match_score, size_t min_group_size)
{
this->min_match_score = min_match_score;
this->min_group_size = min_group_size;
}
// =================================================================================================
std::vector<std::vector<std::array<float, 4>>> TriangulatorInternal::triangulate_poses(
const std::vector<std::vector<std::vector<std::array<float, 3>>>> &poses_2d,
const std::vector<Camera> &cameras,
const std::array<std::array<float, 3>, 2> &roomparams,
const std::vector<std::string> &joint_names)
{
auto ttime = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
auto stime = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
std::chrono::duration<double> elapsed;
// Check inputs
if (poses_2d.empty())
{
throw std::invalid_argument("No 2D poses provided.");
}
if (poses_2d.size() != cameras.size())
{
throw std::invalid_argument("Number of cameras and 2D poses must be the same.");
}
if (joint_names.size() != poses_2d[0][0].size())
{
throw std::invalid_argument("Number of joint names and 2D poses must be the same.");
}
for (const auto &joint : core_joints)
{
if (std::find(joint_names.begin(), joint_names.end(), joint) == joint_names.end())
{
throw std::invalid_argument("Core joint '" + joint + "' not found in joint names.");
}
}
// Convert inputs to internal formats
std::vector<std::vector<std::vector<std::array<float, 3>>>> i_poses_2d = poses_2d;
std::vector<CameraInternal> internal_cameras;
for (size_t i = 0; i < cameras.size(); ++i)
{
internal_cameras.emplace_back(cameras[i]);
}
std::vector<size_t> core_joint_idx;
for (const auto &joint : core_joints)
{
auto it = std::find(joint_names.begin(), joint_names.end(), joint);
core_joint_idx.push_back(std::distance(joint_names.begin(), it));
}
std::vector<std::array<size_t, 2>> core_limbs_idx;
for (const auto &limb : core_limbs)
{
auto it1 = std::find(core_joints.begin(), core_joints.end(), limb.first);
auto it2 = std::find(core_joints.begin(), core_joints.end(), limb.second);
core_limbs_idx.push_back({(size_t)std::distance(core_joints.begin(), it1),
(size_t)std::distance(core_joints.begin(), it2)});
}
elapsed = std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - stime;
init_time += elapsed.count();
stime = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
// Undistort 2D poses
for (size_t i = 0; i < cameras.size(); ++i)
{
undistort_poses(i_poses_2d[i], internal_cameras[i]);
}
elapsed = std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - stime;
undistort_time += elapsed.count();
stime = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
// Project last 3D poses to 2D
std::vector<std::tuple<std::vector<std::vector<std::array<float, 3>>>,
std::vector<std::vector<float>>>>
last_poses_2d;
if (!last_poses_3d.empty())
{
// Select core joints
std::vector<std::vector<std::array<float, 4>>> last_core_poses;
last_core_poses.resize(last_poses_3d.size());
for (size_t i = 0; i < last_poses_3d.size(); ++i)
{
last_core_poses[i].resize(core_joint_idx.size());
for (size_t j = 0; j < core_joint_idx.size(); ++j)
{
for (size_t k = 0; k < 4; ++k)
{
last_core_poses[i][j][k] = last_poses_3d[i][core_joint_idx[j]][k];
}
}
}
// Project
last_poses_2d.resize(cameras.size());
for (size_t i = 0; i < cameras.size(); ++i)
{
auto [poses2d, dists] = project_poses(last_core_poses, internal_cameras[i], true);
last_poses_2d[i] = std::make_tuple(poses2d, dists);
}
}
elapsed = std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - stime;
project_time += elapsed.count();
stime = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
// Check matches to old poses
float threshold = min_match_score - 0.2;
std::map<size_t, std::map<size_t, std::vector<size_t>>> scored_pasts;
if (!last_poses_3d.empty())
{
// Calculate index pairs and initialize vectors
std::vector<std::array<size_t, 3>> indices_ijk;
for (size_t i = 0; i < cameras.size(); ++i)
{
size_t num_last_persons = std::get<0>(last_poses_2d[i]).size();
scored_pasts[i] = std::map<size_t, std::vector<size_t>>();
for (size_t j = 0; j < num_last_persons; ++j)
{
size_t num_new_persons = poses_2d[i].size();
scored_pasts[i][j] = std::vector<size_t>();
for (size_t k = 0; k < num_new_persons; ++k)
{
indices_ijk.push_back({i, j, k});
}
}
}
std::vector<std::array<size_t, 2>> indices_ik;
for (size_t i = 0; i < cameras.size(); ++i)
{
size_t num_new_persons = poses_2d[i].size();
for (size_t k = 0; k < num_new_persons; ++k)
{
indices_ik.push_back({i, k});
}
}
// Precalculate core poses
std::vector<std::vector<std::array<float, 3>>> poses_2d_core_list;
poses_2d_core_list.resize(indices_ik.size());
std::vector<std::vector<size_t>> mats_core_map;
mats_core_map.resize(cameras.size());
for (size_t i = 0; i < cameras.size(); ++i)
{
size_t num_new_persons = poses_2d[i].size();
for (size_t k = 0; k < num_new_persons; ++k)
{
mats_core_map[i].push_back(0);
}
}
for (size_t e = 0; e < indices_ik.size(); ++e)
{
const auto [i, k] = indices_ik[e];
const auto &pose = i_poses_2d[i][k];
std::vector<std::array<float, 3>> pose_core;
pose_core.resize(core_joint_idx.size());
for (size_t j = 0; j < core_joint_idx.size(); ++j)
{
size_t idx = core_joint_idx[j];
pose_core[j] = pose[idx];
}
poses_2d_core_list[e] = pose_core;
mats_core_map[i][k] = e;
}
// Calculate matching score
for (size_t e = 0; e < indices_ijk.size(); ++e)
{
const auto [i, j, k] = indices_ijk[e];
const auto &last_pose = std::get<0>(last_poses_2d[i])[j];
const auto &last_dist = std::get<1>(last_poses_2d[i])[j];
const auto &new_pose = poses_2d_core_list[mats_core_map[i][k]];
float score = calc_pose_score(new_pose, last_pose, last_dist, internal_cameras[i]);
if (score > threshold)
{
{
scored_pasts[i][j].push_back(k);
}
}
}
}
elapsed = std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - stime;
match_time += elapsed.count();
stime = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
// Create pairs of persons
// Checks if the person was already matched to the last frame and if so only creates pairs
// with those, else it creates all possible pairs
std::vector<int> num_persons_sum;
for (size_t i = 0; i < cameras.size(); ++i)
{
int nsum = poses_2d[i].size();
if (i > 0)
{
nsum += num_persons_sum[i - 1];
}
num_persons_sum.push_back(nsum);
}
std::vector<std::pair<std::tuple<int, int, int, int>, std::pair<int, int>>> all_pairs;
std::vector<std::array<size_t, 4>> indices;
for (size_t i = 0; i < cameras.size(); ++i)
{
for (size_t j = i + 1; j < cameras.size(); ++j)
{
for (size_t k = 0; k < poses_2d[i].size(); ++k)
{
for (size_t l = 0; l < poses_2d[j].size(); ++l)
{
indices.push_back({i, j, k, l});
}
}
}
}
for (size_t e = 0; e < indices.size(); ++e)
{
const auto [i, j, k, l] = indices[e];
int pid1 = num_persons_sum[i] + k;
int pid2 = num_persons_sum[k] + l;
bool match = false;
if (!last_poses_3d.empty())
{
for (size_t m = 0; m < last_poses_3d.size(); ++m)
{
auto &smi = scored_pasts[i][m];
auto &smj = scored_pasts[j][m];
bool in_smi = std::find(smi.begin(), smi.end(), k) != smi.end();
bool in_smj = std::find(smj.begin(), smj.end(), l) != smj.end();
if (in_smi && in_smj)
{
match = true;
auto item = std::make_pair(
std::make_tuple(i, j, k, l), std::make_pair(pid1, pid2));
all_pairs.push_back(item);
}
else if (in_smi || in_smj)
{
match = true;
}
}
}
if (!match)
{
auto item = std::make_pair(
std::make_tuple(i, j, k, l), std::make_pair(pid1, pid2));
all_pairs.push_back(item);
}
}
elapsed = std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - stime;
pairs_time += elapsed.count();
stime = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
// Calculate pair scores
std::vector<std::pair<std::vector<std::array<float, 4>>, float>> all_scored_poses;
all_scored_poses.resize(all_pairs.size());
for (size_t i = 0; i < all_pairs.size(); ++i)
{
const auto &pids = all_pairs[i].first;
// Extract camera parameters
const auto &cam1 = internal_cameras[std::get<0>(pids)];
const auto &cam2 = internal_cameras[std::get<1>(pids)];
// Extract 2D poses
const auto &pose1 = i_poses_2d[std::get<0>(pids)][std::get<2>(pids)];
const auto &pose2 = i_poses_2d[std::get<1>(pids)][std::get<3>(pids)];
// Select core joints
std::vector<std::array<float, 3>> pose1_core, pose2_core;
pose1_core.resize(core_joint_idx.size());
pose2_core.resize(core_joint_idx.size());
for (size_t j = 0; j < core_joint_idx.size(); ++j)
{
size_t idx = core_joint_idx[j];
pose1_core[j] = pose1[idx];
pose2_core[j] = pose2[idx];
}
// Triangulate and score
auto [pose3d, score] = triangulate_and_score(
pose1_core, pose2_core, cam1, cam2, roomparams, core_limbs_idx);
all_scored_poses[i] = std::move(std::make_pair(pose3d, score));
}
elapsed = std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - stime;
pair_scoring_time += elapsed.count();
stime = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
// Drop low scoring poses
size_t num_poses = all_scored_poses.size();
for (size_t i = num_poses; i > 0; --i)
{
if (all_scored_poses[i - 1].second < min_match_score)
{
all_scored_poses.erase(all_scored_poses.begin() + i - 1);
all_pairs.erase(all_pairs.begin() + i - 1);
}
}
// Group pairs that share a person
std::vector<std::tuple<
std::array<float, 3>, std::vector<std::array<float, 4>>, std::vector<int>>>
groups = calc_grouping(all_pairs, all_scored_poses, min_match_score);
// Drop groups with too few matches
size_t num_groups = groups.size();
for (size_t i = num_groups; i > 0; --i)
{
if (std::get<2>(groups[i - 1]).size() < this->min_group_size)
{
groups.erase(groups.begin() + i - 1);
}
}
elapsed = std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - stime;
grouping_time += elapsed.count();
stime = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
// Calculate full 3D poses
std::vector<std::vector<std::array<float, 4>>> all_full_poses;
all_full_poses.resize(all_pairs.size());
for (size_t i = 0; i < all_pairs.size(); ++i)
{
const auto &pids = all_pairs[i].first;
const auto &cam1 = internal_cameras[std::get<0>(pids)];
const auto &cam2 = internal_cameras[std::get<1>(pids)];
const auto &pose1 = i_poses_2d[std::get<0>(pids)][std::get<2>(pids)];
const auto &pose2 = i_poses_2d[std::get<1>(pids)][std::get<3>(pids)];
auto [pose3d, score] = triangulate_and_score(
pose1, pose2, cam1, cam2, roomparams, {});
all_full_poses[i] = std::move(pose3d);
}
elapsed = std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - stime;
full_time += elapsed.count();
stime = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
// Merge groups
std::vector<std::vector<std::array<float, 4>>> all_merged_poses;
all_merged_poses.resize(groups.size());
for (size_t i = 0; i < groups.size(); ++i)
{
const auto &group = groups[i];
std::vector<std::vector<std::array<float, 4>>> poses;
poses.reserve(std::get<2>(group).size());
for (const auto &idx : std::get<2>(group))
{
poses.push_back(all_full_poses[idx]);
}
auto merged_pose = merge_group(poses, min_match_score);
all_merged_poses[i] = std::move(merged_pose);
}
elapsed = std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - stime;
merge_time += elapsed.count();
stime = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
// Run post-processing steps
std::vector<std::vector<std::array<float, 4>>> final_poses_3d = std::move(all_merged_poses);
add_extra_joints(final_poses_3d, joint_names);
filter_poses(final_poses_3d, roomparams, core_joint_idx, core_limbs_idx);
add_missing_joints(final_poses_3d, joint_names);
// Store final result for use in the next frame.
last_poses_3d = final_poses_3d;
elapsed = std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - stime;
post_time += elapsed.count();
stime = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
// Convert to output format
std::vector<std::vector<std::array<float, 4>>> poses_3d;
poses_3d.reserve(final_poses_3d.size());
for (size_t i = 0; i < final_poses_3d.size(); ++i)
{
const size_t num_joints = final_poses_3d[i].size();
std::vector<std::array<float, 4>> pose;
pose.reserve(num_joints);
size_t num_valid = 0;
for (size_t j = 0; j < num_joints; ++j)
{
std::array<float, 4> point;
for (size_t k = 0; k < 4; ++k)
{
point[k] = final_poses_3d[i][j][k];
}
pose.push_back(point);
if (point[3] > min_match_score)
{
num_valid++;
}
}
if (num_valid > 0)
{
poses_3d.push_back(std::move(pose));
}
}
elapsed = std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - stime;
convert_time += elapsed.count();
elapsed = std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - ttime;
total_time += elapsed.count();
num_calls++;
return poses_3d;
}
// =================================================================================================
void TriangulatorInternal::reset()
{
last_poses_3d.clear();
}
// =================================================================================================
void TriangulatorInternal::print_stats()
{
std::cout << "{" << std::endl;
std::cout << " \"triangulator_calls\": " << num_calls << "," << std::endl;
std::cout << " \"init_time\": " << init_time / num_calls << "," << std::endl;
std::cout << " \"undistort_time\": " << undistort_time / num_calls << "," << std::endl;
std::cout << " \"project_time\": " << project_time / num_calls << "," << std::endl;
std::cout << " \"match_time\": " << match_time / num_calls << "," << std::endl;
std::cout << " \"pairs_time\": " << pairs_time / num_calls << "," << std::endl;
std::cout << " \"pair_scoring_time\": " << pair_scoring_time / num_calls << "," << std::endl;
std::cout << " \"grouping_time\": " << grouping_time / num_calls << "," << std::endl;
std::cout << " \"full_time\": " << full_time / num_calls << "," << std::endl;
std::cout << " \"merge_time\": " << merge_time / num_calls << "," << std::endl;
std::cout << " \"post_time\": " << post_time / num_calls << "," << std::endl;
std::cout << " \"convert_time\": " << convert_time / num_calls << "," << std::endl;
std::cout << " \"total_time\": " << total_time / num_calls << std::endl;
std::cout << "}" << std::endl;
}
// =================================================================================================
void TriangulatorInternal::undistort_poses(
std::vector<std::vector<std::array<float, 3>>> &poses_2d, CameraInternal &icam)
{
float ifx_old = 1.0 / icam.cam.K[0][0];
float ify_old = 1.0 / icam.cam.K[1][1];
float cx_old = icam.cam.K[0][2];
float cy_old = icam.cam.K[1][2];
float fx_new = icam.newK[0][0];
float fy_new = icam.newK[1][1];
float cx_new = icam.newK[0][2];
float cy_new = icam.newK[1][2];
// Undistort all the points
size_t num_persons = poses_2d.size();
size_t num_joints = poses_2d[0].size();
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_persons; ++i)
{
for (size_t j = 0; j < num_joints; ++j)
{
// Normalize the point using the original camera matrix
poses_2d[i][j][0] = (poses_2d[i][j][0] - cx_old) * ifx_old;
poses_2d[i][j][1] = (poses_2d[i][j][1] - cy_old) * ify_old;
// Undistort
// Using own implementation is faster than using OpenCV, because it avoids the
// overhead of creating cv::Mat objects and further unnecessary calculations for
// additional distortion parameters and identity rotations in this usecase.
if (icam.cam.type == "fisheye")
{
CameraInternal::undistort_point_fisheye(poses_2d[i][j], icam.cam.DC);
}
else
{
CameraInternal::undistort_point_pinhole(poses_2d[i][j], icam.cam.DC);
}
// Map the undistorted normalized point to the new image coordinates
poses_2d[i][j][0] = (poses_2d[i][j][0] * fx_new) + cx_new;
poses_2d[i][j][1] = (poses_2d[i][j][1] * fy_new) + cy_new;
}
}
// Mask out points that are far outside the image (points slightly outside are still valid)
int width = icam.cam.width;
int height = icam.cam.height;
float mask_offset = (width + height) / 20.0;
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_persons; ++i)
{
for (size_t j = 0; j < num_joints; ++j)
{
if (poses_2d[i][j][0] < -mask_offset || poses_2d[i][j][0] >= width + mask_offset ||
poses_2d[i][j][1] < -mask_offset || poses_2d[i][j][1] >= height + mask_offset)
{
poses_2d[i][j][0] = 0.0;
poses_2d[i][j][1] = 0.0;
poses_2d[i][j][2] = 0.0;
}
}
}
}
// =================================================================================================
std::tuple<std::vector<std::vector<std::array<float, 3>>>, std::vector<std::vector<float>>>
TriangulatorInternal::project_poses(
const std::vector<std::vector<std::array<float, 4>>> &poses_3d,
const CameraInternal &icam,
bool calc_dists)
{
const size_t num_persons = poses_3d.size();
const size_t num_joints = poses_3d[0].size();
// Prepare output vectors
std::vector<std::vector<std::array<float, 3>>> poses_2d;
std::vector<std::vector<float>> all_dists;
poses_2d.resize(num_persons);
all_dists.resize(num_persons);
// Get camera parameters
const std::array<std::array<float, 3>, 3> &K = icam.newK;
const std::array<std::array<float, 3>, 3> &R = icam.invR;
const std::array<std::array<float, 1>, 3> &T = icam.cam.T;
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_persons; ++i)
{
const std::vector<std::array<float, 4>> &body3D = poses_3d[i];
std::vector<std::array<float, 3>> body2D(num_joints, std::array<float, 3>{0.0, 0.0, 0.0});
std::vector<float> dists(num_joints, 0.0);
for (size_t j = 0; j < num_joints; ++j)
{
float x = body3D[j][0];
float y = body3D[j][1];
float z = body3D[j][2];
float score = body3D[j][3];
// Project from world to camera coordinate system
float xt = x - T[0][0];
float yt = y - T[1][0];
float zt = z - T[2][0];
float x_cam = xt * R[0][0] + yt * R[0][1] + zt * R[0][2];
float y_cam = xt * R[1][0] + yt * R[1][1] + zt * R[1][2];
float z_cam = xt * R[2][0] + yt * R[2][1] + zt * R[2][2];
// Set points behind the camera to zero
if (z_cam <= 0.0)
{
x_cam = y_cam = z_cam = 0.0;
}
// Calculate distance from camera center if required
if (calc_dists)
dists[j] = std::sqrt(x_cam * x_cam + y_cam * y_cam + z_cam * z_cam);
else
dists[j] = 0.0;
// Project points to image plane
// Since images are already undistorted, use the pinhole projection for all camera types
float u = 0.0, v = 0.0;
if (z_cam > 0.0)
{
u = (K[0][0] * x_cam + K[0][1] * y_cam + K[0][2] * z_cam) / z_cam;
v = (K[1][0] * x_cam + K[1][1] * y_cam + K[1][2] * z_cam) / z_cam;
}
// Filter invalid projections
if (u < 0.0 || u >= icam.cam.width || v < 0.0 || v >= icam.cam.height)
{
u = 0.0;
v = 0.0;
score = 0.0;
}
body2D[j] = {u, v, score};
}
// Store results
poses_2d[i] = std::move(body2D);
all_dists[i] = std::move(dists);
}
return std::make_tuple(poses_2d, all_dists);
}
// =================================================================================================
float TriangulatorInternal::calc_pose_score(
const std::vector<std::array<float, 3>> &pose1,
const std::vector<std::array<float, 3>> &pose2,
const std::vector<float> &dist1,
const CameraInternal &icam)
{
const float min_score = 0.1;
const size_t num_joints = pose1.size();
// Create mask for valid points
std::vector<bool> mask;
mask.resize(num_joints);
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_joints; ++i)
{
if (pose1[i][2] <= min_score || pose2[i][2] <= min_score)
{
mask[i] = false;
}
else
{
mask[i] = true;
}
}
// Drop if not enough valid points
int valid_count = 0;
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_joints; ++i)
{
if (mask[i])
{
valid_count++;
}
}
if (valid_count < 3)
{
return 0.0;
}
// Calculate scores
float iscale = (icam.cam.width + icam.cam.height) / 2;
std::vector<float> scores = score_projection(pose1, pose2, dist1, mask, iscale);
// Drop lowest scores
size_t drop_k = static_cast<size_t>(num_joints * 0.2);
const size_t min_k = 3;
std::vector<float> scores_vec;
scores_vec.reserve(valid_count);
for (size_t i = 0; i < scores.size(); ++i)
{
if (mask[i] > 0)
{
scores_vec.push_back(scores[i]);
}
}
size_t scores_size = scores_vec.size();
if (scores_size >= min_k)
{
drop_k = std::min(drop_k, scores_size - min_k);
std::partial_sort(scores_vec.begin(), scores_vec.begin() + drop_k, scores_vec.end());
scores_vec.erase(scores_vec.begin(), scores_vec.begin() + drop_k);
}
// Calculate final score
float score = 0.0;
size_t n_items = scores_vec.size();
if (n_items > 0)
{
float sum_scores = std::accumulate(scores_vec.begin(), scores_vec.end(), 0.0);
score = sum_scores / static_cast<float>(n_items);
}
return score;
}
// =================================================================================================
std::vector<float> TriangulatorInternal::score_projection(
const std::vector<std::array<float, 3>> &pose,
const std::vector<std::array<float, 3>> &repro,
const std::vector<float> &dists,
const std::vector<bool> &mask,
float iscale)
{
const float min_score = 0.1;
const size_t num_joints = pose.size();
// Calculate error
std::vector<float> error(num_joints, 0.0);
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_joints; ++i)
{
if (mask[i])
{
float dx = pose[i][0] - repro[i][0];
float dy = pose[i][1] - repro[i][1];
float err = std::sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);
// Set errors of invisible reprojections to a high value
if (repro[i][2] < min_score)
{
err = iscale;
}
error[i] = err;
}
}
// Scale error by image size
const float inv_iscale = 1.0 / iscale;
const float iscale_quarter = iscale / 4.0;
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_joints; ++i)
{
float err = error[i];
err = std::max(0.0f, std::min(err, iscale_quarter)) * inv_iscale;
error[i] = err;
}
// Scale error by distance to camera
float mean_dist = 0.0;
int count = 0;
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_joints; ++i)
{
if (mask[i])
{
mean_dist += dists[i];
++count;
}
}
if (count > 0)
{
mean_dist /= count;
}
const float dscale = std::sqrt(mean_dist / 3.5);
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_joints; ++i)
{
error[i] *= dscale;
}
// Convert error to score
std::vector<float> score(num_joints, 0.0);
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_joints; ++i)
{
score[i] = 1.0 / (1.0 + error[i] * 10.0);
}
return score;
}
// =================================================================================================
float dot(const std::array<float, 3> &a, const std::array<float, 3> &b)
{
return a[0] * b[0] + a[1] * b[1] + a[2] * b[2];
}
std::array<float, 3> cross(const std::array<float, 3> &a, const std::array<float, 3> &b)
{
return {a[1] * b[2] - a[2] * b[1],
a[2] * b[0] - a[0] * b[2],
a[0] * b[1] - a[1] * b[0]};
}
std::array<float, 3> add(const std::array<float, 3> &a, const std::array<float, 3> &b)
{
return {a[0] + b[0], a[1] + b[1], a[2] + b[2]};
}
std::array<float, 3> subtract(const std::array<float, 3> &a, const std::array<float, 3> &b)
{
return {a[0] - b[0], a[1] - b[1], a[2] - b[2]};
}
std::array<float, 3> multiply(const std::array<float, 3> &a, float s)
{
return {a[0] * s, a[1] * s, a[2] * s};
}
std::array<float, 3> normalize(const std::array<float, 3> &v)
{
float norm = std::sqrt(dot(v, v));
if (norm < 1e-8f)
return v;
return multiply(v, 1.0f / norm);
}
std::array<float, 3> mat_mul_vec(
const std::array<std::array<float, 3>, 3> &M, const std::array<float, 3> &v)
{
std::array<float, 3> res = {M[0][0] * v[0] + M[0][1] * v[1] + M[0][2] * v[2],
M[1][0] * v[0] + M[1][1] * v[1] + M[1][2] * v[2],
M[2][0] * v[0] + M[2][1] * v[1] + M[2][2] * v[2]};
return res;
}
std::array<float, 3> calc_ray_dir(const CameraInternal &icam, const std::array<float, 2> &pt)
{
// Compute normalized ray direction from the point
std::array<float, 3> uv1 = {pt[0], pt[1], 1.0};
auto d = mat_mul_vec(icam.cam.R, mat_mul_vec(icam.invK, uv1));
auto ray_dir = normalize(d);
return ray_dir;
}
std::array<float, 3> triangulate_midpoint(
const CameraInternal &icam1,
const CameraInternal &icam2,
const std::array<float, 2> &pt1,
const std::array<float, 2> &pt2)
{
// Triangulate two points by computing their two rays and the midpoint of their closest approach
// See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skew_lines#Nearest_points
// Obtain the camera centers and ray directions for both views
std::array<float, 3> p1 = icam1.center;
std::array<float, 3> p2 = icam2.center;
std::array<float, 3> d1 = calc_ray_dir(icam1, pt1);
std::array<float, 3> d2 = calc_ray_dir(icam2, pt2);
// Compute the perpendicular plane vectors
std::array<float, 3> n = cross(d1, d2);
std::array<float, 3> n1 = cross(d1, n);
std::array<float, 3> n2 = cross(d2, n);
// Calculate point on Line 1 nearest to Line 2
float t1 = dot(subtract(p2, p1), n2) / dot(d1, n2);
std::array<float, 3> c1 = add(p1, multiply(d1, t1));
// Calculate point on Line 2 nearest to Line 1
float t2 = dot(subtract(p1, p2), n1) / dot(d2, n1);
std::array<float, 3> c2 = add(p2, multiply(d2, t2));
// Compute midpoint between c1 and c2.
std::array<float, 3> midpoint = multiply(add(c1, c2), 0.5);
return midpoint;
}
// =================================================================================================
std::pair<std::vector<std::array<float, 4>>, float> TriangulatorInternal::triangulate_and_score(
const std::vector<std::array<float, 3>> &pose1,
const std::vector<std::array<float, 3>> &pose2,
const CameraInternal &cam1,
const CameraInternal &cam2,
const std::array<std::array<float, 3>, 2> &roomparams,
const std::vector<std::array<size_t, 2>> &core_limbs_idx)
{
const float min_score = 0.1;
const size_t num_joints = pose1.size();
// Create mask for valid points
std::vector<bool> mask;
mask.resize(num_joints);
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_joints; ++i)
{
if (pose1[i][2] <= min_score || pose2[i][2] <= min_score)
{
mask[i] = false;
}
else
{
mask[i] = true;
}
}
// If too few joints are visible, return a low score
int num_visible = 0;
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_joints; ++i)
{
if (mask[i])
{
num_visible++;
}
}
if (num_visible < 3)
{
std::vector<std::array<float, 4>> empty(num_joints, {0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0});
float score = 0.0;
return std::make_pair(empty, score);
}
// Use midpoint triangulation instead of cv::triangulatePoints because it is much faster,
// while having almost the same accuracy.
std::vector<std::array<float, 4>> pose3d(num_joints, {0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0});
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_joints; ++i)
{
if (mask[i])
{
auto &pt1 = pose1[i];
auto &pt2 = pose2[i];
std::array<float, 3> pt3d = triangulate_midpoint(
cam1, cam2, {pt1[0], pt1[1]}, {pt2[0], pt2[1]});
pose3d[i] = {pt3d[0], pt3d[1], pt3d[2], 1.0};
}
}
// Check if mean of the points is inside the room bounds
std::array<float, 3> mean = {0.0, 0.0, 0.0};
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_joints; ++i)
{
if (mask[i])
{
mean[0] += pose3d[i][0];
mean[1] += pose3d[i][1];
mean[2] += pose3d[i][2];
}
}
float inv_num_vis = 1.0 / num_visible;
for (int j = 0; j < 3; ++j)
{
mean[j] *= inv_num_vis;
}
const std::array<float, 3> &room_size = roomparams[0];
const std::array<float, 3> &room_center = roomparams[1];
for (int j = 0; j < 3; ++j)
{
if (mean[j] > room_center[j] + room_size[j] / 2.0 ||
mean[j] < room_center[j] - room_size[j] / 2.0)
{
// Very low score if outside room
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_joints; ++i)
{
if (mask[i])
{
pose3d[i][3] = 0.001;
}
}
return std::make_pair(pose3d, 0.001);
}
}
// Calculate reprojections
std::vector<std::vector<std::array<float, 4>>> poses_3d = {pose3d};
auto [repro1s, dists1s] = project_poses(poses_3d, cam1, true);
auto [repro2s, dists2s] = project_poses(poses_3d, cam2, true);
auto repro1 = repro1s[0];
auto dists1 = dists1s[0];
auto repro2 = repro2s[0];
auto dists2 = dists2s[0];
// Calculate scores for each view
float iscale = (cam1.cam.width + cam1.cam.height) / 2.0;
std::vector<float> score1 = score_projection(pose1, repro1, dists1, mask, iscale);
std::vector<float> score2 = score_projection(pose2, repro2, dists2, mask, iscale);
// Add scores to 3D pose
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_joints; ++i)
{
if (mask[i])
{
float scoreT = 0.5 * (score1[i] + score2[i]);
float scoreP = 0.5 * (pose1[i][2] + pose2[i][2]);
// Since the triangulation score is less sensitive and generally higher,
// weight it stronger to balance the two scores.
pose3d[i][3] = 0.9 * scoreT + 0.1 * scoreP;
}
}
// Set scores outside the room to a low value
const float wdist = 0.1;
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_joints; ++i)
{
if (mask[i])
{
for (int j = 0; j < 3; ++j)
{
if (pose3d[i][j] > room_center[j] + room_size[j] / 2.0 + wdist ||
pose3d[i][j] < room_center[j] - room_size[j] / 2.0 - wdist)
{
pose3d[i][3] = 0.001;
break;
}
}
}
}
// Filter clearly wrong limbs
if (!core_limbs_idx.empty())
{
const float max_length_sq = 0.9 * 0.9;
for (size_t i = 0; i < core_limbs_idx.size(); ++i)
{
size_t limb1 = core_limbs_idx[i][0];
size_t limb2 = core_limbs_idx[i][1];
if (pose3d[limb1][3] > min_score && pose3d[limb2][3] > min_score)
{
float dx = pose3d[limb1][0] - pose3d[limb2][0];
float dy = pose3d[limb1][1] - pose3d[limb2][1];
float dz = pose3d[limb1][2] - pose3d[limb2][2];
float length_sq = dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz;
if (length_sq > max_length_sq)
{
pose3d[limb2][3] = 0.001;
}
}
}
}
// Drop lowest scores
size_t drop_k = static_cast<size_t>(num_joints * 0.2);
const size_t min_k = 3;
std::vector<float> valid_scores;
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_joints; ++i)
{
if (pose3d[i][3] > min_score)
{
valid_scores.push_back(pose3d[i][3]);
}
}
size_t scores_size = valid_scores.size();
if (scores_size >= min_k)
{
drop_k = std::min(drop_k, scores_size - min_k);
std::partial_sort(valid_scores.begin(), valid_scores.begin() + drop_k, valid_scores.end());
valid_scores.erase(valid_scores.begin(), valid_scores.begin() + drop_k);
}
// Calculate final score
float final_score = 0.0;
if (!valid_scores.empty())
{
float sum_scores = std::accumulate(valid_scores.begin(), valid_scores.end(), 0.0);
final_score = sum_scores / static_cast<float>(valid_scores.size());
}
return std::make_pair(pose3d, final_score);
}
// =================================================================================================
std::vector<std::tuple<std::array<float, 3>, std::vector<std::array<float, 4>>, std::vector<int>>>
TriangulatorInternal::calc_grouping(
const std::vector<std::pair<std::tuple<int, int, int, int>, std::pair<int, int>>> &all_pairs,
const std::vector<std::pair<std::vector<std::array<float, 4>>, float>> &all_scored_poses,
float min_score)
{
float max_center_dist_sq = 0.75 * 0.75;
float max_joint_avg_dist = 0.25;
size_t num_pairs = all_pairs.size();
// Calculate pose centers
std::vector<std::array<float, 3>> centers;
centers.resize(num_pairs);
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_pairs; ++i)
{
const auto &pose_3d = all_scored_poses[i].first;
const size_t num_joints = pose_3d.size();
std::array<float, 3> center = {0.0, 0.0, 0.0};
size_t num_valid = 0;
for (size_t j = 0; j < num_joints; ++j)
{
float score = pose_3d[j][3];
if (score > min_score)
{
center[0] += pose_3d[j][0];
center[1] += pose_3d[j][1];
center[2] += pose_3d[j][2];
++num_valid;
}
}
if (num_valid > 0)
{
float inv = 1.0 / num_valid;
center[0] *= inv;
center[1] *= inv;
center[2] *= inv;
}
centers[i] = center;
}
// Calculate Groups
// defined as a tuple of center, pose, and all-pairs-indices of members
std::vector<std::tuple<
std::array<float, 3>, std::vector<std::array<float, 4>>, std::vector<int>>>
groups;
std::vector<std::vector<size_t>> per_group_visible_counts;
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_pairs; ++i)
{
const auto &pose_3d = all_scored_poses[i].first;
size_t num_joints = pose_3d.size();
const std::array<float, 3> &center = centers[i];
float best_dist = std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity();
int best_group = -1;
for (size_t j = 0; j < groups.size(); ++j)
{
auto &group = groups[j];
std::array<float, 3> &group_center = std::get<0>(group);
// Check if the center is close enough
float dx = group_center[0] - center[0];
float dy = group_center[1] - center[1];
float dz = group_center[2] - center[2];
float center_dist_sq = dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz;
if (center_dist_sq < max_center_dist_sq)
{
const auto &group_pose = std::get<1>(group);
// Calculate average joint distance
std::vector<float> dists;
for (size_t row = 0; row < num_joints; ++row)
{
float score1 = pose_3d[row][3];
float score2 = group_pose[row][3];
if (score1 > min_score && score2 > min_score)
{
float dx = pose_3d[row][0] - group_pose[row][0];
float dy = pose_3d[row][1] - group_pose[row][1];
float dz = pose_3d[row][2] - group_pose[row][2];
float dist = std::sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz);
dists.push_back(dist);
}
}
if (dists.size() >= 5)
{
// Drop highest value to reduce influence of outliers
auto max_it = std::max_element(dists.begin(), dists.end());
dists.erase(max_it);
}
if (dists.size() > 0)
{
// Check if the average joint distance is close enough
float avg_dist = std::accumulate(dists.begin(), dists.end(), 0.0);
avg_dist /= static_cast<float>(dists.size());
if (avg_dist < max_joint_avg_dist && avg_dist < best_dist)
{
best_dist = avg_dist;
best_group = static_cast<int>(j);
}
}
}
}
if (best_group == -1)
{
// Create a new group
std::vector<int> new_indices{static_cast<int>(i)};
std::vector<std::array<float, 4>> group_pose = pose_3d;
groups.emplace_back(center, group_pose, new_indices);
// Update per joint counts
std::vector<size_t> new_valid_joint_counts(num_joints, 0);
for (size_t row = 0; row < num_joints; ++row)
{
if (pose_3d[row][3] > min_score)
{
new_valid_joint_counts[row] = 1;
}
}
per_group_visible_counts.push_back(std::move(new_valid_joint_counts));
}
else
{
// Update existing group
auto &group = groups[best_group];
std::array<float, 3> &group_center = std::get<0>(group);
std::vector<std::array<float, 4>> &group_pose = std::get<1>(group);
std::vector<int> &group_indices = std::get<2>(group);
float n_elems = static_cast<float>(group_indices.size());
float inv_n = 1.0 / (n_elems + 1.0);
// Update group center
group_center[0] = (group_center[0] * n_elems + center[0]) * inv_n;
group_center[1] = (group_center[1] * n_elems + center[1]) * inv_n;
group_center[2] = (group_center[2] * n_elems + center[2]) * inv_n;
// Update group pose
for (size_t row = 0; row < num_joints; ++row)
{
if (pose_3d[row][3] > min_score)
{
float j_elems = static_cast<float>(per_group_visible_counts[best_group][row]);
float inv_j = 1.0 / (j_elems + 1.0);
group_pose[row][0] = (group_pose[row][0] * j_elems + pose_3d[row][0]) * inv_j;
group_pose[row][1] = (group_pose[row][1] * j_elems + pose_3d[row][1]) * inv_j;
group_pose[row][2] = (group_pose[row][2] * j_elems + pose_3d[row][2]) * inv_j;
group_pose[row][3] = (group_pose[row][3] * j_elems + pose_3d[row][3]) * inv_j;
per_group_visible_counts[best_group][row]++;
}
}
group_indices.push_back(static_cast<int>(i));
}
}
// Merge close groups
// Depending on the inital group creation, one or more groups can be created that in the end
// share the same persons, even if they had a larger distance at the beginning
// So merge them similar to the group assignment before
std::vector<std::tuple<
std::array<float, 3>, std::vector<std::array<float, 4>>, std::vector<int>>>
merged_groups;
for (size_t i = 0; i < groups.size(); ++i)
{
size_t num_joints = std::get<1>(groups[i]).size();
auto &group = groups[i];
auto &group_visible_counts = per_group_visible_counts[i];
float best_dist = std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity();
int best_group = -1;
for (size_t j = 0; j < merged_groups.size(); ++j)
{
const auto &group_pose = std::get<1>(group);
const auto &merged_pose = std::get<1>(merged_groups[j]);
// Calculate average joint distance
std::vector<float> dists;
for (size_t row = 0; row < num_joints; ++row)
{
float score1 = group_pose[row][3];
float score2 = merged_pose[row][3];
if (score1 > min_score && score2 > min_score)
{
float dx = group_pose[row][0] - merged_pose[row][0];
float dy = group_pose[row][1] - merged_pose[row][1];
float dz = group_pose[row][2] - merged_pose[row][2];
float dist = std::sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz);
dists.push_back(dist);
}
}
if (dists.size() >= 5)
{
// Drop highest value to reduce influence of outliers
auto max_it = std::max_element(dists.begin(), dists.end());
dists.erase(max_it);
}
if (dists.size() > 0)
{
// Check if the average joint distance is close enough
float avg_dist = std::accumulate(dists.begin(), dists.end(), 0.0);
avg_dist /= static_cast<float>(dists.size());
if (avg_dist < max_joint_avg_dist && avg_dist < best_dist)
{
best_dist = avg_dist;
best_group = static_cast<int>(j);
}
}
}
if (best_group == -1)
{
// Create a new group
merged_groups.push_back(group);
}
else
{
// Update existing group
auto &merged_group = merged_groups[best_group];
std::array<float, 3> &merged_center = std::get<0>(merged_group);
std::array<float, 3> &group_center = std::get<0>(group);
std::vector<int> &merged_group_indices = std::get<2>(merged_group);
float n_elems1 = static_cast<float>(merged_group_indices.size());
float n_elems2 = static_cast<float>(std::get<2>(group).size());
float inv1 = n_elems1 / (n_elems1 + n_elems2);
float inv2 = n_elems2 / (n_elems1 + n_elems2);
// Update group center
merged_center[0] = merged_center[0] * inv1 + group_center[0] * inv2;
merged_center[1] = merged_center[1] * inv1 + group_center[1] * inv2;
merged_center[2] = merged_center[2] * inv1 + group_center[2] * inv2;
// Update group pose
for (size_t row = 0; row < num_joints; ++row)
{
auto &group_pose = std::get<1>(group);
auto &merged_pose = std::get<1>(merged_group);
if (group_pose[row][3] > min_score)
{
float j_elems1 = static_cast<float>(group_visible_counts[row]);
float j_elems2 = static_cast<float>(per_group_visible_counts[best_group][row]);
float inv1 = j_elems1 / (j_elems1 + j_elems2);
float inv2 = j_elems2 / (j_elems1 + j_elems2);
merged_pose[row][0] = merged_pose[row][0] * inv1 + group_pose[row][0] * inv2;
merged_pose[row][1] = merged_pose[row][1] * inv1 + group_pose[row][1] * inv2;
merged_pose[row][2] = merged_pose[row][2] * inv1 + group_pose[row][2] * inv2;
merged_pose[row][3] = merged_pose[row][3] * inv1 + group_pose[row][3] * inv2;
group_visible_counts[row]++;
}
}
// Merge indices
merged_group_indices.insert(
merged_group_indices.end(), std::get<2>(group).begin(), std::get<2>(group).end());
}
}
return merged_groups;
}
// =================================================================================================
std::vector<std::array<float, 4>> TriangulatorInternal::merge_group(
const std::vector<std::vector<std::array<float, 4>>> &poses_3d,
float min_score)
{
size_t num_poses = poses_3d.size();
size_t num_joints = poses_3d[0].size();
// Merge poses to create initial pose
// Use only those triangulations with a high score
std::vector<std::array<float, 4>> sum_poses(num_joints, {0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0});
std::vector<float> sum_mask1(num_joints, 0);
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_poses; ++i)
{
const auto &pose = poses_3d[i];
for (size_t j = 0; j < num_joints; ++j)
{
float score = pose[j][3];
if (score > min_score)
{
float weight = std::pow(score, 2);
sum_poses[j][0] += pose[j][0] * weight;
sum_poses[j][1] += pose[j][1] * weight;
sum_poses[j][2] += pose[j][2] * weight;
sum_poses[j][3] += score * weight;
sum_mask1[j] += weight;
}
}
}
std::vector<std::array<float, 4>> initial_pose_3d(num_joints, {0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0});
for (size_t j = 0; j < num_joints; ++j)
{
if (sum_mask1[j] > 0)
{
float inv = 1.0 / sum_mask1[j];
initial_pose_3d[j][0] = sum_poses[j][0] * inv;
initial_pose_3d[j][1] = sum_poses[j][1] * inv;
initial_pose_3d[j][2] = sum_poses[j][2] * inv;
initial_pose_3d[j][3] = sum_poses[j][3] * inv;
}
}
// Use center as default if the initial pose is empty
std::vector<bool> jmask(num_joints, false);
std::array<float, 3> center = {0.0, 0.0, 0.0};
int valid_joints = 0;
for (size_t j = 0; j < num_joints; ++j)
{
float score = initial_pose_3d[j][3];
if (score > min_score)
{
jmask[j] = true;
center[0] += initial_pose_3d[j][0];
center[1] += initial_pose_3d[j][1];
center[2] += initial_pose_3d[j][2];
valid_joints++;
}
}
if (valid_joints > 0)
{
float inv_valid = 1.0 / valid_joints;
center[0] *= inv_valid;
center[1] *= inv_valid;
center[2] *= inv_valid;
}
for (size_t j = 0; j < num_joints; ++j)
{
if (!jmask[j])
{
initial_pose_3d[j][0] = center[0];
initial_pose_3d[j][1] = center[1];
initial_pose_3d[j][2] = center[2];
initial_pose_3d[j][3] = 0.0;
}
}
// Drop joints with low scores and filter outlying joints using distance threshold
float offset = 0.1;
float max_dist_sq = 1.2 * 1.2;
std::vector<std::vector<bool>> mask(num_poses, std::vector<bool>(num_joints, false));
std::vector<std::vector<float>> distances(num_poses, std::vector<float>(num_joints, 0.0));
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_poses; ++i)
{
const auto &pose = poses_3d[i];
for (size_t j = 0; j < num_joints; ++j)
{
float dx = pose[j][0] - initial_pose_3d[j][0];
float dy = pose[j][1] - initial_pose_3d[j][1];
float dz = pose[j][2] - initial_pose_3d[j][2];
float dist_sq = dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz;
distances[i][j] = dist_sq;
float score = pose[j][3];
if (dist_sq <= max_dist_sq && score > (min_score - offset))
{
mask[i][j] = true;
}
}
}
// Select the best-k proposals for each joint that are closest to the initial pose
int keep_best = std::max(3, (int)num_poses / 3);
std::vector<std::vector<bool>> best_k_mask(num_poses, std::vector<bool>(num_joints, false));
for (size_t j = 0; j < num_joints; ++j)
{
std::vector<std::pair<float, int>> valid_indices;
valid_indices.reserve(num_poses);
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_poses; ++i)
{
if (mask[i][j])
{
valid_indices.emplace_back(distances[i][j], i);
}
}
int num_valid = std::min(keep_best, static_cast<int>(valid_indices.size()));
if (num_valid > 0)
{
std::partial_sort(valid_indices.begin(), valid_indices.begin() + num_valid,
valid_indices.end());
for (int k = 0; k < num_valid; ++k)
{
int idx = valid_indices[k].second;
best_k_mask[idx][j] = true;
}
}
}
// Combine masks
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_poses; ++i)
{
for (size_t j = 0; j < num_joints; ++j)
{
mask[i][j] = mask[i][j] && best_k_mask[i][j];
}
}
// Compute the final pose
std::vector<std::array<float, 4>> sum_poses2(num_joints, {0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0});
std::vector<float> sum_mask2(num_joints, 0);
for (size_t i = 0; i < num_poses; ++i)
{
const auto &pose = poses_3d[i];
for (size_t j = 0; j < num_joints; ++j)
{
if (mask[i][j])
{
// Use an exponential weighting to give more importance to higher scores
float weight = std::pow(pose[j][3], 4);
sum_poses2[j][0] += pose[j][0] * weight;
sum_poses2[j][1] += pose[j][1] * weight;
sum_poses2[j][2] += pose[j][2] * weight;
sum_poses2[j][3] += pose[j][3] * weight;
sum_mask2[j] += weight;
}
}
}
std::vector<std::array<float, 4>> final_pose_3d(num_joints, {0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0});
for (size_t j = 0; j < num_joints; ++j)
{
if (sum_mask2[j] > 0)
{
float inv = 1.0 / sum_mask2[j];
final_pose_3d[j][0] = sum_poses2[j][0] * inv;
final_pose_3d[j][1] = sum_poses2[j][1] * inv;
final_pose_3d[j][2] = sum_poses2[j][2] * inv;
final_pose_3d[j][3] = sum_poses2[j][3] * inv;
}
}
return final_pose_3d;
}
// =================================================================================================
void TriangulatorInternal::add_extra_joints(
std::vector<std::vector<std::array<float, 4>>> &poses,
const std::vector<std::string> &joint_names)
{
// Find indices of "head", "ear_left", and "ear_right"
auto it_head = std::find(joint_names.begin(), joint_names.end(), "head");
auto it_ear_left = std::find(joint_names.begin(), joint_names.end(), "ear_left");
auto it_ear_right = std::find(joint_names.begin(), joint_names.end(), "ear_right");
int idx_h = std::distance(joint_names.begin(), it_head);
int idx_el = std::distance(joint_names.begin(), it_ear_left);
int idx_er = std::distance(joint_names.begin(), it_ear_right);
// If the confidence score of "head" is zero compute it as the average of the ears
for (size_t i = 0; i < poses.size(); ++i)
{
auto &pose = poses[i];
if (pose[idx_h][3] == 0.0)
{
if (pose[idx_el][3] > 0.0 && pose[idx_er][3] > 0.0)
{
pose[idx_h][0] = (pose[idx_el][0] + pose[idx_er][0]) * 0.5;
pose[idx_h][1] = (pose[idx_el][1] + pose[idx_er][1]) * 0.5;
pose[idx_h][2] = (pose[idx_el][2] + pose[idx_er][2]) * 0.5;
pose[idx_h][3] = std::min(pose[idx_el][3], pose[idx_er][3]);
}
}
}
}
// =================================================================================================
void TriangulatorInternal::filter_poses(
std::vector<std::vector<std::array<float, 4>>> &poses,
const std::array<std::array<float, 3>, 2> &roomparams,
const std::vector<size_t> &core_joint_idx,
const std::vector<std::array<size_t, 2>> &core_limbs_idx)
{
const float min_score = 0.1;
std::vector<int> drop_indices;
for (size_t i = 0; i < poses.size(); ++i)
{
auto &pose = poses[i];
size_t num_core_joints = core_joint_idx.size();
size_t num_full_joints = pose.size();
// Collect valid joint indices
std::vector<size_t> valid_joint_idx;
for (size_t j = 0; j < num_core_joints; ++j)
{
size_t idx = core_joint_idx[j];
if (pose[idx][3] > min_score)
{
valid_joint_idx.push_back(idx);
}
}
// Drop poses with too few joints
if (valid_joint_idx.size() < 5)
{
drop_indices.push_back(i);
continue;
}
// Compute min, max and mean coordinates
std::array<float, 3> mean = {0.0, 0.0, 0.0};
std::array<float, 3> mins = {
std::numeric_limits<float>::max(),
std::numeric_limits<float>::max(),
std::numeric_limits<float>::max()};
std::array<float, 3> maxs = {
std::numeric_limits<float>::lowest(),
std::numeric_limits<float>::lowest(),
std::numeric_limits<float>::lowest()};
for (size_t j = 0; j < valid_joint_idx.size(); ++j)
{
size_t idx = valid_joint_idx[j];
for (size_t k = 0; k < 3; ++k)
{
mins[k] = std::min(mins[k], pose[idx][k]);
maxs[k] = std::max(maxs[k], pose[idx][k]);
mean[k] += pose[idx][k];
}
}
for (size_t k = 0; k < 3; ++k)
{
mean[k] /= static_cast<float>(valid_joint_idx.size());
}
// Drop poses that are too large or too small or too flat
float min_flatness = 0.2;
float max_size = 2.3;
float min_size = 0.3;
std::array<float, 3> diff;
for (int j = 0; j < 3; ++j)
{
diff[j] = maxs[j] - mins[j];
}
if (diff[0] > max_size || diff[1] > max_size || diff[2] > max_size)
{
drop_indices.push_back(i);
continue;
}
if (diff[0] < min_size && diff[1] < min_size && diff[2] < min_size)
{
drop_indices.push_back(i);
continue;
}
if ((diff[0] < min_flatness && diff[1] < min_flatness) ||
(diff[1] < min_flatness && diff[2] < min_flatness) ||
(diff[2] < min_flatness && diff[0] < min_flatness))
{
drop_indices.push_back(i);
continue;
}
// Drop persons outside room
const float wdist = 0.1;
const auto &room_size = roomparams[0];
const auto &room_center = roomparams[1];
const std::array<float, 3> room_half_size = {
room_size[0] / 2.0f,
room_size[1] / 2.0f,
room_size[2] / 2.0f};
bool outside = false;
for (int j = 0; j < 3; ++j)
{
// Check if the mean position is outside the room boundaries
if (mean[j] > room_half_size[j] + room_center[j] ||
mean[j] < -room_half_size[j] + room_center[j])
{
outside = true;
break;
}
}
for (int j = 0; j < 3; ++j)
{
// Check if any limb is too far outside the room
if (maxs[j] > room_half_size[j] + room_center[j] + wdist ||
mins[j] < -room_half_size[j] + room_center[j] - wdist)
{
outside = true;
break;
}
}
if (outside)
{
drop_indices.push_back(i);
continue;
}
// Set joint scores outside the room to a low value
for (size_t j = 0; j < num_full_joints; ++j)
{
if (pose[j][3] > min_score)
{
for (int k = 0; k < 3; ++k)
{
if (pose[j][k] > room_half_size[k] + room_center[k] + wdist ||
pose[j][k] < -room_half_size[k] + room_center[k] - wdist)
{
pose[j][3] = 0.001;
break;
}
}
}
}
// Calculate total limb length and average limb length
const float max_avg_length = 0.5;
const float min_avg_length = 0.1;
float total_length = 0.0;
int total_limbs = 0;
for (size_t j = 0; j < core_limbs_idx.size(); ++j)
{
size_t start_idx = core_joint_idx[core_limbs_idx[j][0]];
size_t end_idx = core_joint_idx[core_limbs_idx[j][1]];
if (pose[start_idx][3] < min_score || pose[end_idx][3] < min_score)
{
continue;
}
float dx = pose[end_idx][0] - pose[start_idx][0];
float dy = pose[end_idx][1] - pose[start_idx][1];
float dz = pose[end_idx][2] - pose[start_idx][2];
float length = std::sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz);
total_length += length;
total_limbs++;
}
if (total_limbs == 0)
{
drop_indices.push_back(i);
continue;
}
float average_length = total_length / static_cast<float>(total_limbs);
if (average_length < min_avg_length)
{
drop_indices.push_back(i);
continue;
}
if (total_limbs >= 5 && average_length > max_avg_length)
{
drop_indices.push_back(i);
continue;
}
}
// Set confidences of invalid poses to a low value
for (size_t i = 0; i < drop_indices.size(); ++i)
{
auto &pose = poses[drop_indices[i]];
for (size_t j = 0; j < pose.size(); ++j)
{
pose[j][3] = 0.001;
}
}
}
// =================================================================================================
void TriangulatorInternal::add_missing_joints(
std::vector<std::vector<std::array<float, 4>>> &poses,
const std::vector<std::string> &joint_names)
{
// Map joint names to their indices for quick lookup
std::unordered_map<std::string, size_t> joint_name_to_idx;
for (size_t idx = 0; idx < joint_names.size(); ++idx)
{
joint_name_to_idx[joint_names[idx]] = idx;
}
// Adjacent mapping
std::unordered_map<std::string, std::vector<std::string>> adjacents = {
{"hip_right", {"hip_middle", "hip_left"}},
{"hip_left", {"hip_middle", "hip_right"}},
{"knee_right", {"hip_right", "knee_left"}},
{"knee_left", {"hip_left", "knee_right"}},
{"ankle_right", {"knee_right", "ankle_left"}},
{"ankle_left", {"knee_left", "ankle_right"}},
{"shoulder_right", {"shoulder_middle", "shoulder_left"}},
{"shoulder_left", {"shoulder_middle", "shoulder_right"}},
{"elbow_right", {"shoulder_right", "hip_right"}},
{"elbow_left", {"shoulder_left", "hip_left"}},
{"wrist_right", {"elbow_right"}},
{"wrist_left", {"elbow_left"}},
{"nose", {"shoulder_middle", "shoulder_right", "shoulder_left"}},
{"head", {"shoulder_middle", "shoulder_right", "shoulder_left"}},
{"foot_*_left_*", {"ankle_left"}},
{"foot_*_right_*", {"ankle_right"}},
{"face_*", {"nose"}},
{"hand_*_left_*", {"wrist_left"}},
{"hand_*_right_*", {"wrist_right"}}};
for (size_t i = 0; i < poses.size(); ++i)
{
auto &pose = poses[i];
size_t num_joints = pose.size();
// Collect valid joint indices
std::vector<size_t> valid_joint_idx;
for (size_t j = 0; j < num_joints; ++j)
{
if (pose[j][3] > min_match_score)
{
valid_joint_idx.push_back(j);
}
}
if (valid_joint_idx.empty())
{
continue;
}
// Compute body center as the mean of valid joints
std::array<float, 3> body_center = {0.0, 0.0, 0.0};
for (size_t idx : valid_joint_idx)
{
body_center[0] += pose[idx][0];
body_center[1] += pose[idx][1];
body_center[2] += pose[idx][2];
}
for (int j = 0; j < 3; ++j)
{
body_center[j] /= static_cast<float>(valid_joint_idx.size());
}
// Iterate over each joint
for (size_t j = 0; j < joint_names.size(); ++j)
{
std::string adname = "";
const std::string &jname = joint_names[j];
// Determine adjacent joint based on name patterns
if (jname.substr(0, 5) == "foot_" && jname.find("_left") != std::string::npos)
{
adname = "foot_*_left_*";
}
else if (jname.substr(0, 5) == "foot_" && jname.find("_right") != std::string::npos)
{
adname = "foot_*_right_*";
}
else if (jname.substr(0, 5) == "face_")
{
adname = "face_*";
}
else if (jname.substr(0, 5) == "hand_" && jname.find("_left") != std::string::npos)
{
adname = "hand_*_left_*";
}
else if (jname.substr(0, 5) == "hand_" && jname.find("_right") != std::string::npos)
{
adname = "hand_*_right_*";
}
else if (adjacents.find(jname) != adjacents.end())
{
adname = jname;
}
if (adname == "")
{
// No adjacent joints defined for this joint
continue;
}
if (pose[j][3] == 0.0)
{
if (adjacents.find(adname) != adjacents.end())
{
// Joint is missing; attempt to estimate its position based on adjacent joints
std::array<float, 3> adjacent_position = {0.0, 0.0, 0.0};
size_t adjacent_count = 0;
const std::vector<std::string> &adjacent_joint_names = adjacents[adname];
for (const std::string &adj_name : adjacent_joint_names)
{
auto it = joint_name_to_idx.find(adj_name);
if (it != joint_name_to_idx.end())
{
size_t adj_idx = it->second;
if (adj_idx < pose.size() && pose[adj_idx][3] > 0.1)
{
adjacent_position[0] += pose[adj_idx][0];
adjacent_position[1] += pose[adj_idx][1];
adjacent_position[2] += pose[adj_idx][2];
++adjacent_count;
}
}
}
if (adjacent_count > 0)
{
for (size_t k = 0; k < 3; ++k)
{
adjacent_position[k] /= static_cast<float>(adjacent_count);
}
// Update the missing joint's position
pose[j][0] = adjacent_position[0];
pose[j][1] = adjacent_position[1];
pose[j][2] = adjacent_position[2];
}
else
{
// No valid adjacent joints, use body center
pose[j][0] = body_center[0];
pose[j][1] = body_center[1];
pose[j][2] = body_center[2];
}
}
else
{
// Adjacent joints not defined, use body center
pose[j][0] = body_center[0];
pose[j][1] = body_center[1];
pose[j][2] = body_center[2];
}
// Set a low confidence score
pose[j][3] = 0.1;
}
}
}
}
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